January 14, 2008:
Russia is building
heavy bombers again. It has built at least one new Tu-160, and this aircraft
began flight testing last month. Production of the Tu-160 had ceased in 1994,
with several of them partially completed. Apparently, this new aircraft is one
of those left uncompleted in the 1990s. Lots of Russian weapons factories were
shut down after the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991. That occurred, in part,
because the Soviet Union was, literally, bankrupt. The defense budget was cut
by more than two-thirds, and weapons production got hurt the most. The only
plants that kept operating were those producing items for export. But many of
the shuttered factories were preserved, and now many of them are in operation
again, picking up where they left off.
The Tu-160 "Blackjack" is very similar
to the U.S. B-1, but never really lived up to its potential. Still, it is the
most modern heavy bomber the Russians have. It's a 267 ton aircraft, that can
carry up to 40 tons of bombs and missiles, for up to 12,000 kilometers. The
aircraft can refuel in the air. It originally entered service in 1987, and was
built mainly to deliver cruise missiles. Noting the success of the B-1 in
Afghanistan and Iraq with smart bombs, the Tu-160s were modified to do the
same, in addition to retaining their cruise missile carrying capability.
Over
the last eight years, Russia has revived its heavy bomber force. In the
1990s, most Russian heavy bombers were kept on the ground. But since 2001,
heavy bombers have been refurbished and restored to service. This including
getting some Tu-160s back from Ukraine (because half of the 36 Tu-160s built
were stationed in Ukraine when the Soviet Union was dissolved, and thus
belonged to Ukraine). Only about fourteen Tu-160s are still operational, plus
about fifty Tu-22Ms and about the same number of Tu-95s. Exact numbers are not
available on the Tu-22Ms and Tu-95s, because both of these aircraft serve other
functions (reconnaissance, electronic warfare). Their ability to perform as
heavy bombers depends on the current state of crew training and maintenance.
Most of these aircraft are at least twenty years old, and spare parts are
sometimes difficult to get. Factories had to be reopened, or new production
lines established, to obtain needed parts. Increasingly, over the last seven
years, heavy bombers have been increasingly showing up the Arctic, Pacific and
Atlantic oceans, as well as the Black and Caspian seas. Some of these aircraft
are firing cruise missiles, or simulating it, and practice bombing runs, during
more frequent training flights.
This past Summer, Russian heavy bombers
flew hundreds of sorties over land and water, including night aerial refueling
(a tricky operation.) In terms of sheer numbers, the Russians have about as
many heavy bombers in service (over a hundred) as does the United States. The
American bombers are better equipped and more capable, but the Russian force is
competitive, and now it is being expanded.