February 1, 2017: At the end of 2016 Iraqi scout helicopters (Bell 407s) began using laser guided missiles on a large scale. This is a big deal because until then most of the Iraqi helicopters were using machine-guns, unguided rockets and unguided bombs. By the end of 2012 Iraq received 30 Bell 407 scout helicopters from the United States. The Bell 407 is a 2.8 ton commercial helicopter that has been militarized in the U.S. as the ARH-70. Iraq ordered three 407s equipped as gunships (machine-guns and Hellfire missiles and sensors), three for use as trainers and 24 for scouting (but could be armed with machine-guns and Hellfire missiles). The problem was that the Bell 407 could only carry two Hellfires on most missions. This was similar to the first Iraqi warplane equipped with Hellfires, the four ton Cessna AC-208B Combat Caravan aircraft could carry a ton internally but was not really able to carry more than two Hellfires.

All these 70mm guided rockets are basically 13.6 kg (30 pound) 70mm rockets, with a laser seeker, flight controls, a 2.7 kg (six pound) warhead, and a range of about six kilometers. Laser designators on a helicopter, aircraft, or with troops on the ground, are pointed at the target and the laser seeker in the front of the 70mm missile homes in on the reflected laser light. The guided 70mm rocket is used against targets that don't require a larger (49 kg/108 pound) and more expensive Hellfire missile but still needs some targeting precision. In tests the APKWS (Advanced Precision Kill Weapons System) hit within a meter (a few feet) of the aiming point, about what other 70mm missiles are capable of. The 70mm missile makes an excellent weapon for UAVs, especially since you can carry more of them. The launcher for carrying these missiles is designed to replace the one for Hellfire but can carry four missiles instead of one.

Iraqi air force officers noted this early on and in 2014 got permission to order smaller 70mm laser guided missiles and equip the Bell 407s as quickly as possible. Until the lightweight 70mm laser guided missiles and the laser targeting systems for the small helicopters arrived and were installed the Bell 407s were not very effective. The switch to the 70mm missiles was a big change because up to four times more of these smaller missiles could be carried and laser guided missiles were much more effective in fighting ISIL (Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant) whose tactics involved fighting in urban areas and in the midst of civilians. Iraqi had already been using the larger and more expensive Hellfire missile but the new 70mm laser guided missiles were ideal for small helicopters like the Bell 407.

Smaller is better if you want to avoid friendly, especially civilian, casualties. That could be seen in the growing orders for thousands more of the 70mm APKWS II laser guided missiles. The demand was so large that a new factory had to be built. With that that it was possible to produce more than 1,600 APKWS II a month. This order is mainly for American aircraft and helicopters also for export customers the United States supplies. This includes Iraq, Jordan and Lebanon.

For a long time there was a lot of resistance to adopting the APKWS in the American military but in 2016 the last holdout, the U.S. Air Force realized that these missiles were extremely effective when used by A-10s and F-16s operating against ISIL in Syria and Iraq. In mid-2016 the air force arranged for an emergency shipment from U.S. Navy supplies of APKWS along with an order to the manufacturer for a supply of its own. The APKWS II has been in production since 2012 and orders keep coming in because it is smaller, cheaper and works as well as the larger and older Hellfire.

In late 2013 the U.S. Department of Defense certified APKWS II for use on fixed wing warplanes like the A-10, AV-8, and F-16. The APKWS II had to prove it could be successfully launched from fast moving aircraft and still be able to continue in flight to the ground target its laser sensor was attracted to (because of laser light being bounced off it). Britain had earlier demonstrated how effective such small missiles can be when used by “fast movers” (jets). Normally, smaller missiles like this are designed for helicopters, but Britain took the American Hellfire and came up with a version (Brimstone) that worked on jets. It was a big success in Libya in 2011, and earlier in Afghanistan.

Since 2010 the U.S. Marine Corps has been using APKWS II for its helicopter gunships and SOCOM has used it on its slow moving AC-130 gunships. The marines were so pleased with it that they bought APKWS II kits to convert some of their 100,000 70mm unguided rockets to laser guided ones. All this began back when the marines bought fifty APKWS IIs for testing and that proved successful. There followed the first sale for 70mm guided rockets after more than a decade of trying to get anyone to buy more than a few evaluation missiles or upgrade kits. The marine AH-1Ws soon had fired over a hundred APKWS II in Afghanistan and it was noted that none of them missed. That led to modifications for use on fast movers and the recent successful tests.

After more than a decade of development effort, by several different companies, there are now several guided versions of the 70mm air-to-ground rocket. Developing a guided 70mm rocket took so long because the manufacturers underestimated the technical difficulties of getting the laser seeker and flight control mechanisms into that small a package, at a weight and price the customer could afford. The price of the new 70mm missile was about $30,000 each and that was about what a JDAM smart bomb cost and less than a third of what a Hellfire missile cost.

The 2.75 inch (70mm) rockets were developed during World War II, as an air-to-air weapon for use against heavy bomber formations. The Germans had developed a similar and very successful weapon (the R4M). Before long it was noted that neither the Japanese nor the Germans had any heavy bombers, so the U.S. 70mm rocket was switched to air-to-ground use. Actually, the 70mm rocket was retained for air-to-air use into the 1950s, but it was never successful in that role. The 70mm rocket became very popular in the 1960s, when it was discovered that the weapon worked very well when launched from multiple (7 or 19 tube) launchers mounted on helicopters. The 108-138m cm (42-55 inch) long rockets could be fired singly or in salvoes and gave helicopter pilots some airborne artillery for supporting troops on the ground. There are many variations in terms of warheads and rocket motors. Some versions can go over ten kilometers.

The marines, and now the navy and air force, believe that a mini-Hellfire, in the form of their APKWS II, has a role on the battlefield and plan to keep using it in combat. The APKWS is not only a lot cheaper than Hellfire but for a growing number of situations is seen as a better choice.