April 4, 2024: Russia recently abandoned its effort to continue building Lada class submarines. Ladas were originally seen as a successor to the Kilo class but were not as capable as expected. The original order for twelve Ladas was reduced to the three already built, and two under construction. One or both of those may be abandoned because of shrinking navy budgets. The Kilos entered service in 1980 and so far, 83 have been built with 65 still in service and two more under construction. That means the Ladas are not essential because Kilos are still being built and the Lada is simply an updated version of the Kilo with a new name

The first Lada, the Sankt Petersburg, was accepted by the Russian navy in 2010 but was never made operational. Last year it was announced that Sankt Petersburg would be decommissioned rather than undergo modernization and expensive upgrades. This meant that Sankt Petersburg would be tied up somewhere and become part of the Russian reserve fleet.

This decommissioning was part of a pattern. In 2021, when Russia announced its planned warship deliveries, one delivery was considered doubtful. This actually involved putting a second Lada class boat into service by the end of 2021. The first one was finally accepted by the navy in 2020, but only as a test vessel for experiments with new equipment. Russia has been sending mixed signals about the Lada Class boats for two decades and the second Lada was to be the first production model fit for active service in the navy.

In early 2019 Russia stated that the second Lada class submarine would be completed and ready for sea trials by the end of 2019. That turned out to be just another overly optimistic announcement. The first Lada was accepted by the navy in 2010 but the second two were canceled in 2011. That was because the Navy had conducted years of sea trials after the first Lada was completed in 2005 which demonstrated that the performance of this design did not meet Navy requirements. The problems were so severe that the navy demanded that work be halted on the second and third ones.

All this was surprising because the second Lada was nearly ready for launch. Because of that the unfinished Lada was not scrapped and the sub was preserved in case some solution to all the problems could be found and it would be possible to resume work quickly. That eventually happened and the second Lada was launched in September 2018. Construction of the third Lada began in 2015 but was also halted before it was ready for launch.

There were many problems with the Lada design, but the main one appears to be the failure of the long promised Russian AIP Air Independent Propulsion system. This was supposed to be a key feature of the new sub. AIP and several other upgrades were supposed to justify calling the Ladas a new class of sub, not just another improved Kilo.

Desperate for a solution to all the design and construction problems, Russia turned to an Italian ship builder to jointly develop and build the Lada export models, called Amur class subs, which would use Western AIP tech. Russia was never able to obtain any export sales for Amur and the project was canceled in 2013. Amur would have been dead soon anyway because of the sanctions imposed on Russia because of the 2014 invasion of Ukraine.

Lada was developed in the 1990s as the successor to the Kilo class, but the promised improvements that made Lada unique, especially the AIP, were never ready so there was not enough difference between the Lada and the improved Kilos being built to justify continuing work on a Kilo successor.

The 2,700-ton Lada is 72 meters long and carries a crew of 35. Each crew member has their own cabin. Although individual quarters were very small for the junior crew, this feature was a big morale boost. When submerged the submarine moved at up to 39 kilometers an hour but only half that on the surface. Maximum depth is about 400 meters. The Lada can stay at sea for as long as 45 days and travel submerged indefinitely using its diesel engine while at periscope depth, via the snorkel device that brings in fresh air and vents diesel exhaust. Submerged at any depth, using battery power alone, Lada can travel about 450 kilometers. There is also an electronic periscope, which goes to the surface via a cable, that includes night vision capability and a laser range finder. From the beginning Lada was designed to accept an AIP system.

Lada was designed for anti-surface and anti-submarine operations as well as reconnaissance. It has six standard 533mm torpedo tubes, with 18 torpedoes and/or missiles carried. As many as 44 mines can be carried instead of torpedoes and missiles and deployed via torpedo tubes. Ladas were described as eight times quieter than the Kilos. This was accomplished by using anechoic (sound absorbing) tile coatings on the exterior and a very quiet skewed propeller. All interior machinery was designed with silence in mind. The sensors include active and passive sonars, including towed passive sonar. Russian submarine designers apparently believe they can install most of these quieting features into improved Kilos, along with many other Lada features. But the main distinction between Lada and late-model Kilos is the AIP and the first two Ladas do not have it. The 2019 announcement confirmed this. The current plan is to see if the other accumulated Kilo upgrades applied to the Lada work, and then install the AIP in the third Lada.

What Russia has not discussed is the fact that most Kilos, and Ladas as well, are meant for export and China has been getting more and more export sales that otherwise would have been for Russian Kilos. China has been building its own Kilo clones and in mid-2018 the Chinese navy proclaimed that its new AIP equipped Kilo submarine had performed very well. Actually, as described, the Chinese AIP performed about as well as early Western AIP systems. For the Chinese that was good enough because they have had problems getting their AIP, apparently based on the Swedish Stirling AIP system, to perform adequately and reliably. China worked on getting a reliable AIP system in one of their Yuan class Type 39B subs for over fifteen years but until 2018 no Chinese AIP equipped boats were seen in action. That changed in early 2018 when a new Yuan class sub went to sea and operated like an AIP boat by staying underwater for more than seven days at a time. According to the Chinese press releases, their AIP sub stayed under for over two weeks at a time, which is typical of what a Stirling AIP system can do.

China currently has AIP-equipped Type 39 Yuan class boats. Type 39s are no longer built with AIP as a standard feature. Instead, AIP is offered to export customers, as an expensive option. China is building a lot more Type 39s, using a new shipyard in Wuhan for mass production of the Type 39 and the S20 export version.

Type 39s are based on the late model Russian Kilos. Construction of the Yuans appeared to have halted in 2013 for reasons unknown. The last new Type 39B appeared in late 2013 but even before that, there were indications that this was another pause to absorb user experience with the current model and plan modifications for the next batch.

By 2016 new 39Bs had many modifications and upgrades, some of them visible because of minor changes in the conning tower or hull features. China upgraded its sensor and fire control electronics. The Chinese AIP appears to have encountered no major problems, but Chinese naval commanders have concluded that AIP is not always worth the additional cost.

One thing was certain about the latest Type 39Bs; the Chinese are continuing their relentless effort to create world-class subs one tweak and improvement at a time. Since the late 1980s, China has been designing and building a rapidly evolving collection of Song Type 39 class diesel-electric submarines that emphasize quietness and incremental improvements. The changes were eventually so extensive that the four Songs completed in 2013 were recognized as a new type and designated the Yuan class Type 39A. The original Type 39 design was a 2,200-ton Kilo type sub that first appeared in the late 1990s and construction continues. The larger 2,800 ton Type 39A first appeared in 2006. Type 39A quickly evolved into the larger and more lavishly equipped Type 39B. The evolution continues, and there are now 30 Type 39 Yuan Class subs in at least four distinct models. These latest models were thought to have AIP along with new electronics and other internal improvements. Now the presence of AIP has been confirmed.

This rapid evolution of the Type 39 appears to be another example of China adapting Russian submarine technology to Chinese design ideas and new technology. China has been doing this for as long as it has been building subs, which they began doing in the 1960s. The recent versions of the Type 39B design show Chinese naval engineers getting more creative. The Yuans were meant to have an AIP that would allow them to cruise underwater longer. Western AIP systems allow subs to stay underwater for two weeks or more. China has been working on AIP since 1975 and the first working prototype was available by 1998. A decade later it seemed that design was ready for regular use, but it wasn’t. The first Chinese AIP had less power and reliability and did not appear to be nearly as capable as planned Russian or existing Western models. In part, this was because AIP used lead-acid batteries. The Chinese kept improving on their AIP, and the last half dozen AIP systems were designed to use a more efficient lithium battery system. This AIP 2.0 has numerous other tweaks and appears, on paper at least, to match what most Western AIPs can do and that’s the version that was installed in one or more of the latest Type 39B subs.

The Songs look a lot like the Russian Kilo class and that was apparently no accident or coincidence. The 39s and 39A/Bs are both similar in appearance, but the type 39A/Bs appear to be larger than the original Song Type 39s. Both have crews of 60-70 sailors and six torpedo tubes. This is very similar to the Kilos, which are a bit larger. China began ordering Russian Kilo class subs, then one of the latest diesel-electric designs available, in the late 1990s. The first two Type 39Bs appeared to be a copy of the early model 877 Kilo, while the second pair of Type 39Bs appeared to copy the later model 636 Kilos.

The latest Yuans still appear like Kilos but may be part of an evolution into a sub that is similar to Lada, the Russian successor to Kilo. The Type 39s were the first Chinese subs to have the teardrop shaped hull. The Type 39B was thought to be just an improved Song but on closer examination, especially by the Russians, it looked like a clone of the Kilos. The Russians now believe that the entire Song/Yuan project is part of a long-range plan to successfully copy the Kilo. If that is the case, it appears to be succeeding and the Russians suddenly rushing to resume work on an AIP Lada seems to confirm that. Other evidence is the AIP equipped Chinese subs being offered to export customers.

Meanwhile, China has been offering its improved Kilo designs to export customers. In late 2016 China confirmed that final details have been agreed on the sale of eight Chinese S20 diesel-electric submarines to Pakistan. These are export versions of Type 39A that lack many of the advanced features. Four of these will be built in China while at the same time Chinese personnel will assist Pakistan in building another four in Pakistan. Final cost is expected to average somewhere between $500 million and $600 million each, and the first one will enter service by 2023. Since early 2014 China and Pakistan have been negotiating prices and terms for the sale of the S20. At first, it was believed that Pakistan wanted six subs, but the final deal specified eight. Currently, the Pakistani Navy has five submarines and plans to use all of them against India, which is also considered a Chinese foe. In 2017 China sold three of those export model Yuan class subs to Thailand. These boats will cost over $400 million each. Five years earlier those nations would have been inclined to select the veteran Kilo that first entered service in 1982. So far, 70 Kilos have been built of which 60 are still in service, and more are under construction. It may be an old design, but it is mature and has been updated with modern electronics and quieting technology. But Kilo never had AIP and Russia has yet to demonstrate that their AIP design actually works.